Language Specification

Formal specification of the Rampyaaryan language — Version 3.5.2

1. Lexical Structure

1.1 Tokens

Token Type	Pattern	Examples
Identifiers	[a-zA-Z_][a-zA-Z0-9_]*	naam, my_var, _x
Numbers	Integer or float	42, 3.14, -7
Strings	Double-quoted with escapes	"hello", "line\n"
Comments	# or // (single-line)	# yeh comment hai

1.2 Keywords

Keyword	English Equivalent	Usage
maano	let / var	Variable declaration
likho	print	Print output
pucho	input	Read user input
agar	if	Conditional
warna	else	Else branch
warna agar	else if	Else-if branch
jab tak	while	While loop
har	for	For loop
kaam	function	Function definition
wapas do	return	Return from function
ruko	break	Break from loop
agla	continue	Skip to next iteration
sach	true	Boolean true
jhooth	false	Boolean false
khali	null	Null value
aur	and	Logical AND
ya	or	Logical OR
nahi	not	Logical NOT

1.3 Operators

Category	Operators
Arithmetic	+ - * / % **
Comparison	== != > < >= <=
Bitwise	& | ^ ~ << >>
Logical	aur ya nahi
Assignment	= += -= *= /=

1.4 Escape Sequences

Sequence	Character
\n	Newline
\t	Tab
\\	Backslash
\"	Double quote

2. Data Types

Type	Hinglish Name	Examples	Description
Number	sankhya	42, 3.14, -7	64-bit IEEE 754 double
String	shabd	"hello", "namaste"	Immutable, interned, UTF-8
Boolean	haan_na	sach, jhooth	True or false
Null	khali	khali	Absence of value
List	suchi	[1, 2, 3]	Dynamic array, mixed types
Function	kaam	kaam f(x) {...}	First-class, closures
Map/Dict	shabdkosh	{"key": "val"}	String-keyed hash map

3. Statements

3.1 Variable Declaration

maano <name> = <expression>

Declares and initializes a variable. Variables are dynamically typed.

3.2 Print Statement

likho <expression> [, <expression>]*

Multiple expressions are printed space-separated with a trailing newline. A ; separator prints without newline.

3.3 If Statement

agar <condition> {
    <statements>
} warna agar <condition> {
    <statements>
} warna {
    <statements>
}

3.4 While Loop

jab tak <condition> {
    <statements>
}

3.5 For Loop

har <init>; <condition>; <update> {
    <statements>
}

3.6 Function Declaration

kaam <name>(<params>) {
    <statements>
    wapas do <expression>
}

3.7 Break & Continue

ruko      # break out of loop
agla      # skip to next iteration

4. Expressions

4.1 Operator Precedence (low to high)

Level	Operators	Description
1	ya	Logical OR
2	aur	Logical AND
3	|	Bitwise OR
4	^	Bitwise XOR
5	&	Bitwise AND
6	== !=	Equality
7	> < >= <=	Comparison
8	<< >>	Bit shifts
9	+ -	Addition / subtraction
10	* / %	Multiplication / division
11	**	Exponentiation
12	~ nahi -	Unary: bitwise NOT, logical NOT, negate
13	() [] .	Call, index, member access

4.2 Function Calls

<function>(<args>)

4.3 List Indexing

<list>[<index>]          # read
<list>[<index>] = <value> # write

4.4 Input Expression

pucho(<prompt>)

5. Closures

Functions capture variables from enclosing scopes. This enables powerful patterns like counters, iterators, and factory functions.

kaam counter() {
    maano n = 0
    kaam badhao() {
        n = n + 1
        wapas do n
    }
    wapas do badhao
}

maano c = counter()
likho c()    # 1
likho c()    # 2
likho c()    # 3

6. Truthiness

Value	Truthy?
jhooth	Falsy
khali	Falsy
0	Falsy
"" (empty string)	Falsy
[] (empty list)	Falsy
Everything else	Truthy

7. String Operations

Operation	Syntax	Result
Concatenation	"a" + "b"	"ab"
Repetition	"ha" * 3	"hahaha"
Indexing	"hello"[0]	"h"
Length	lambai("hello")	5

8. Map Literals

Maps can be created with literal syntax. Keys must be strings. Values can be any type.

maano m = {"key1": value1, "key2": value2}

m["key"]              # read
m["new_key"] = value  # write

9. Bitwise Operations

Bitwise operators work on integer values:

a & b       # AND
a | b       # OR
a ^ b       # XOR
~a          # NOT (complement)
a << n      # Left shift
a >> n      # Right shift

10. Runtime Architecture